Wiley-Blackwell Evidence-Based Dentistry: An Introduction
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This introduction to Evidence-Based Dentistry provides a much-needed orientation in the subject for students and professionals alike.
It is a ground-level book for those seeking to understand evidence-based dentistry and its significance for clinical practice.
The book is anchored in the dental literature: the majority of the chapters offer guidance on interpreting a full published paper
where both the subject of the paper and the study design is of relevance to the field of dentistry.
Each chapter is organised in a similar way, providing a structured approach to reading and understanding research articles or commercial product information.
In this respect, Evidence-Based Dentistry is designed as an introduction to understanding published research and its implications for the dental surgery
rather than as a guide on undertaking research.
Incorporates topical published papers in order to rpovide worked examples Explains the most6 common forms of research used in dentistry Unlocks basic statistical and epidemiological concepts, along with key terms Enables the reader to identify the research question, assess aspects of study design, evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of papers and understand their clinical relevance Tables, boxes and figures are used extensively to present core information.
Useful templates are also provided, which readers may use/adapt for analysis, including study clubs.
Foreword viii Preface ix Acknowledgements xii 1 Evidence-based dentistry: what it is and how to practice it 1 What is evidence-based dentistry? 1 Why do we need evidence-based dentistry? 2 How to practice evidence-based dentistry 3 2 Counting people: understanding percentages and proportions 10 What is the aim of the study? 10 How was the study conducted? 11 What are the main results? 12 The implications of conducting a study based on a sample of people 15 How good is the evidence? 19 What does the study contribute to dental practice? 23 3 Taking measurements on people 31 What is the aim of the study? 31 How was the study conducted? 32 What are the main results? 35 Normal distribution 35 Interpreting the results from non-symmetric data 40 4 Comparing groups of people and examining associations 44 Comparing two percentages (or proportions) 44 Comparing two means 51 Examining associations 55 5 Assessing the effectiveness of treatments 68 Main design elements of randomised clinical trials 69 A clinical trial based on counting people 71 A clinical trial based on taking measurements on people 89 Appendix I.
Guidelines for the appraisal of a clinical trial 99 6 Determining risk factors for and causes of disease 115 Association, causality and confounding 116 Cohort studies 119 An example of a cohort study 121 Case–control studies 131 An example of a case–control study 132 Appendix I.
Guidelines for the appraisal of an observational study 141 Appendix II.
Calculation of odds, risk, odds ratio and relative risk 143 7 Detecting disease 154 Conditions for a worthwhile screening programme 156 8 Study design issues 172 Types of study 172 Selecting the sample 172 Sample size 173 More observational studies 177 Bias 178 Confounding 180 More on clinical trials 182 What is the strength of evidence for causality from different study types? 183 9 Reviewing all the evidence 186 Searching for information 186 Conflicts of interests in published research 188 Systematic reviews 189 10 Summary of statistical concepts 205 Suggested answers 209 Further reading 219 Index 222 Allan Hackshaw established and led the course on evidence-based dentistry at Barts &
the London School of Dentistry and is now deputy-director of the trials centre at University College London.
Elizabeth Paul is a Lecturer at the UCL trials centre.
Elizabeth Davenport is Professor of Dental Education, Barts &
the London School of Dentistry.
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