Wiley-Blackwell Recognizing and Correcting Developing Malocclusions: A Problem-Oriented Approach to Orthodontics

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Comprehensive reference providing an evidence-based approach to the early treatment, recognition, and correction of developing malocclusions Recognizing and Correcting Developing Malocclusions, Second Edition provides an evidence-based approach to early treatment of developing malocclusions, presenting treatment protocols for mixed-dentition patients with various malocclusions and other orthodontic problems. Class I, Class II, and Class III malocclusions are covered extensively, along with eruptive deviations and different malocclusions. The literature is comprehensively reviewed to ensure that the reader thoroughly understands the development, phenotypic characteristics, and etiology of each type of malocclusion. Taking a problem-oriented approach, the authors provide detailed information for each case, develop comprehensive problem lists, and then present evidence-based treatment solutions. This newly revised and updated Second Edition contains comprehensive updates to all chapters and sections, including dental trauma and its consequences and sleep apnea in children. Containing figures, tables, patient pictures, and 3D rendered illustrations throughout to elucidate key concepts, Recognizing and Correcting Developing Malocclusions, Second Edition explores topics including: Assessing the degree of severity of a developing malocclusion and recognizing and correcting intra-arch deviations Genetics of dental occlusions and malocclusions and mixed dentition orthodontic mechanics Strategies for managing missing second premolar teeth in young patients and principles and techniques of premolar autotransplantation Abnormal eruption, function, and aesthetics, congenitally missing teeth, autotransplantation, and habits Construction of a diagnosis, treatment plan, and estimation of prognosis based on available diagnostic records produced by both old and new technologies Practical in approach but grounded in the literature, Recognizing and Correcting Developing Malocclusions, Second Edition is equally useful as a patient-side guide for clinicians and as a detailed reference for orthodontic and pediatric specialists and residents. List of Contributors xiii Foreword xv Preface xvii 1 A guide for timing orthodontic treatment 1 Eustáquio A. Araújo, DDS, MDS and Bernardo Q. Souki, DDS, MSD, PhD 1.1 Occlusal deviations with indications for interceptive orthodontic treatment 3 1.2 Ideal timing for early treatment 5 1.2.1 Psychological aspects 5 1.2.2 Severity of the malocclusion 5 1.2.3 Effectiveness and efficiency concepts 6 1.2.4 Maturational stage of development 7 References 7 2 Development of the occlusion: what to do and when to do it 9 Bernardo Q. Souki, DDS, MSD, PhD 2.1 Stage 1—eruption of deciduous teeth 9 2.1.1 Biogenesis of the deciduous dentition 9 2.1.2 Dimensional changes of the dental arches at stage 1 11 2.1.3 Management of occlusal development at stage 1 11 2.2 Stage 2—completion of the deciduous dentition 11 2.2.1 Dimensional changes in the dental arches at stage 2 13 2.2.2 Management of occlusion development at stage 2 14 2.3 Stage 3—eruption of first permanent molars 16 2.3.1 Management of occlusion development at this stage 17 2.4 Stage 4—eruption of permanent incisors 18 2.4.1 Dimensional changes in the dental arches at this stage 18 2.4.2 Management of occlusal development at this stage 19 2.5 Stage 5—eruption of mandibular canines and first premolars 20 2.5.1 Management of occlusal development at this stage 21 2.6 Stage 6—eruption of second premolars 21 2.6.1 Management of occlusal development at this stage 23 2.7 Stage 7—eruption of maxillary canines and second molars 23 2.7.1 Management of occlusal development at this stage 23 2.8 Conclusions 24 References 24 3 Mixed dentition diagnosis: assessing the degree of severity of a developing malocclusion 27 Eustáquio A. Araújo, DDS, MDS 3.1 Assessing treatment need, complexity, and outcome 27 3.1.1 Summers’ Occlusal Index 28 3.1.2 Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) 28 3.1.3 Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) 28 3.1.4 Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) 28 3.1.5 Index of Complexity, Outcome, and Need (ICON) 29 3.1.6 The American Board of Orthodontics complexity index and outcome assessment 29 3.2 Assessing interceptive treatment outcome 31 3.2.1 Class I 31 3.2.2 Class II 31 3.2.3 Class III 32 References 33 4 The genetics of the dental occlusion and malocclusion 35 Robyn Silberstein, DDS, PhD and Mary MacDougall, PhD 4.1 Introduction 35 4.1.1 Personalized medicine 35 4.1.2 Clinical examination 35 4.1.3 Principles of dysmorphology: variable expressivity and etiologic heterogeneity 36 4.2 Chromosomal abnormalities 37 4.3 Single gene defects 38 4.4 Multifactorial inheritance 38 4.5 Genetics of nonsyndromic malocclusion 40 4.6 Altered tooth number 42 4.7 Altered tooth structure 43 4.8 Altered eruption 43 4.9 Radiographic deviations associated with genetic conditions 45 4.10 Conclusion 47 References 47 5 Class I: Recognizing and correcting intraarch deviations 51 5.1 Section I: The development and etiology of a Class I malocclusion 51 Peter H. Buschang, MA, PhD 5.1 Introduction 51 5.2 Prevalence of Class I malocclusion and changes in arch form 52 5.3 Class I malocclusion and the dental compensatory mechanism 58 5.4 What is anterior mandibular malalignment is related to? 60 5.4.1 Predisposing factors 60 5.4.2 Eruption problems associated with space loss 61 5.4.3 Contact displacements associated with relapse and tooth movements 62 References 63 5.2 Section II: Intercepting developing Class I problems 67 Eustáquio A. Araújo, DDS, MDS 5.5 Tooth size arch length discrepancy (TSALD) 67 5.6 The assessment of crowding in the mixed dentition 68 5.6.1 Zero to minor TSALD 68 5.6.2 Small to moderate TSALD 69 5.6.2.1 Taking advantage of the transitional dentition 69 5.6.3 Gaining spaces in the dental arches 71 5.6.3.1 The importance of the leeway space/E space 71 5.6.3.2 Etiology of maxillary transverse deficiency 72 5.6.3.3 Ma

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